RDDs support 两种类型的操作: transformations（转换）, 它会在一个已存在的 dataset 上创建一个新的 dataset, 和 actions（动作）, 将在 dataset 上运行的计算后返回到 driver 程序. 例如, map 是一个通过让每个数据集元素都执行一个函数，并返回的新 RDD 结果的 transformation, reduce reduce 通过执行一些函数，聚合 RDD 中所有元素，并将最终结果给返回驱动程序（虽然也有一个并行 reduceByKey 返回一个分布式数据集）的 action.
Spark 中所有的 transformations 都是 lazy（懒加载的）, 因此它不会立刻计算出结果. 相反, 他们只记得应用于一些基本数据集的转换 (例如. 文件). 只有当需要返回结果给驱动程序时，transformations 才开始计算. 这种设计使 Spark 的运行更高效. 例如, 我们可以了解到，map 所创建的数据集将被用在 reduce 中，并且只有 reduce 的计算结果返回给驱动程序，而不是映射一个更大的数据集.
默认情况下，每次你在 RDD 运行一个 action 的时， 每个 transformed RDD 都会被重新计算。但是，您也可用 persist (或 cache) 方法将 RDD persist（持久化）到内存中；在这种情况下，Spark 为了下次查询时可以更快地访问，会把数据保存在集群上。此外，还支持持续持久化 RDDs 到磁盘，或复制到多个结点。
Transformations常用操作 Transformation Meaningmap(func) Return a new distributed dataset formed by passing each element of the source through a function func.
filter(func) Return a new dataset formed by selecting those elements of the source on which func returns true.
flatMap(func) Similar to map, but each input item can be mapped to 0 or more output items (so func should return a Seq rather than a single item).
mapPartitions(func) Similar to map, but runs separately on each partition (block) of the RDD, so func must be of type Iterator<T> => Iterator<U> when running on an RDD of type T.
mapPartitionsWithIndex(func) Similar to mapPartitions, but also provides func with an integer value representing the index of the partition, so func must be of type (Int, Iterator<T>) => Iterator<U> when running on an RDD of type T.
sample(withReplacement, fraction, seed) Sample a fraction fraction of the data, with or without replacement, using a given random number generator seed.
union(otherDataset) Return a new dataset that contains the union of the elements in the source dataset and the argument.
intersection(otherDataset) Return a new RDD that contains the intersection of elements in the source dataset and the argument.
distinct([numTasks])) Return a new dataset that contains the distinct elements of the source dataset.
groupByKey([numTasks]) When called on a dataset of (K, V) pairs, returns a dataset of (K, Iterable<V>) pairs.
Note: If you are grouping in order to perform an aggregation (such as a sum or average) over each key, using reduceByKey or aggregateByKey will yield much better performance.
Note: By default, the level of parallelism in the output depends on the number of partitions of the parent RDD. You can pass an optional numTasks argument to set a different number of tasks.
reduceByKey(func, [numTasks]) When called on a dataset of (K, V) pairs, returns a dataset of (K, V) pairs where the values for each key are aggregated using the given reduce function func, which must be of type (V,V) => V. Like in groupByKey, the number of reduce tasks is configurable through an optional second argument.
aggregateByKey(zeroValue)(seqOp, combOp, [numTasks]) When called on a dataset of (K, V) pairs, returns a dataset of (K, U) pairs where the values for each key are aggregated using the given combine functions and a neutral "zero" value. Allows an aggregated value type that is different than the input value type, while avoiding unnecessary allocations. Like in groupByKey, the number of reduce tasks is configurable through an optional second argument.
sortByKey([ascending], [numTasks]) When called on a dataset of (K, V) pairs where K implements Ordered, returns a dataset of (K, V) pairs sorted by keys in ascending or descending order, as specified in the boolean ascending argument.
join(otherDataset, [numTasks]) When called on datasets of type (K, V) and (K, W), returns a dataset of (K, (V, W)) pairs with all pairs of elements for each key. Outer joins are supported through leftOuterJoin, rightOuterJoin, and fullOuterJoin.
cogroup(otherDataset, [numTasks]) When called on datasets of type (K, V) and (K, W), returns a dataset of (K, (Iterable<V>, Iterable<W>)) tuples. This operation is also called groupWith.
cartesian(otherDataset) When called on datasets of types T and U, returns a dataset of (T, U) pairs (all pairs of elements).
pipe(command, [envVars]) Pipe each partition of the RDD through a shell command, e.g. a Perl or bash script. RDD elements are written to the process's stdin and lines output to its stdout are returned as an RDD of strings.
coalesce(numPartitions) Decrease the number of partitions in the RDD to numPartitions. Useful for running operations more efficiently after filtering down a large dataset.
repartition(numPartitions) Reshuffle the data in the RDD randomly to create either more or fewer partitions and balance it across them. This always shuffles all data over the network.
repartitionAndSortWithinPartitions(partitioner) Repartition the RDD according to the given partitioner and, within each resulting partition, sort records by their keys. This is more efficient than calling repartition and then sorting within each partition because it can push the sorting down into the shuffle machinery.
Tranformation常用操作实例
map(func)
含义：
通过将一个函数应用于该RDD的所有元素，返回一个新的RDD。一个元素对应一个元素。
输入输出：
def map[U: ClassTag](f: T => U): RDD[U]